Influence of fuel sulfur on the composition of aircraft. Compositionexplicit distillation curves of aviation fuel jp. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet. Aug 12, 2014 firms interested in supplying alternative jet fuel, however, face one lessobvious economic challenge illustrated in figure 2. Used in cold climates where itskerosene fractions of distillation. Review on the relationship between liquid aerospace fuel.
Military aviation jet fuel jp 5 page 1 of 10 revision date 83012 section 1. Astm qualification is a long and costly process, which is mandatory, before setting new jet fuel specifications and before the commercialization of the fuel can be pursued. If enough water is present in an aircraft fuel system, ice crystals can form at higher altitudes and clog fuel lines or system components, disturbing or stopping the fuel supply to the engine. Faa alternative jet administration federal aviation fuels. Aviation turbine fuel kerosene type a1, jet a1, aviation turbine jet a1, semi synthetic jet a1. Aviation fuels are petroleumbased fuels, or petroleum and synthetic fuel blends, used to power aircraft. Jet fuel and total petroleum products supplied 16 8. Jet fuel is a specific blend of fuels used in aviation to run turbine powered engines for both military and civilian use. Longterm fundamental research should be supported on the creation of alternative. Jet fuel composition conventional jet fuel composed of variety of hydrocarbons fuels approved thus far composed mostly of normal and isoparaffins next set of fuel approvals contains larger variety of jet fuel hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is fairly close to diesel fuel and heating oil in composition. Carbon dioxide co2, water spray, dry chemical, foam, keep containers and.
The chemical composition and fuel propert ies of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 1 9 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are re ported in this work. Sustainable jet fuel for aviation nordic energy research. The composition varies from one source to another 15,16 and is subject to changes due to thermal instability. Fscd15ppm has been proposed as an option to reduce the adverse health impacts of aviationinduced pm2. Kerosene, with less critical specifications, is used for lighting, heating, solvents, and blending into diesel fuel. Emissionrelated diesel fuel properties are mandated in annex ii of the fuel quality directive 200930ec fqd. But kerosinetype fuels jet a and jet a1 predominate in the rest of the world. The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. Nonpetroleum hydrocarbons that can go into jet fuel can also be blended into diesel fuel or heating oil, both.
Internal combustion engines aviation gasoline avgas. Catalytic autothermal reforming of jet fuel request pdf. C how will alternative fuels affect freeze point and. Jet a1 is the most widespread type of jet fuel globally for use in turbofan and turboproppowered commercial aircraft.
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against. Jet fuel that meets the afqrjos is usually referred to as jet a1 to check list or check list jet. Comparison of three jet a fuel compositions and properties edwards 2017. The commercial specification as described by astm d 910 also covers three grades of fuel 80, 100, and 100ll. Refinery net production of jet fuel by pad and refining districts. The amount of weight sever ely limits battery use in large passenger aircraft. Jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics commercial turbine fuelcommercial turbine fuel international air transport association iata guidance material iata add761 kerosene types and wide cut aviation fuel quality requirements for jointly operated systems afqrjos check list, jet a1, jet b nonu. The ongoing effort to evaluate the performance of alternative aviation fuels has renewed the interest in the effect of jet fuel composition changes on gas turbine. Air force air force 1977, 1981g, 1982d, 1988a, 1989c, 1990 using specifications that are based primarily on the characteristics that give the maximum performance of the aircraft for which the fuel is used crc 1984. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons.
It is well known that during the ignition delay period in a diesel engine, complex fuel dependent physical and chemical phenomena prepare the stratified fuel air charge for combustion 7. Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and. S8 jet a jet a fuel that is additized at the point of use this effort is to reduce the price ofat the point of use. It requires a large quantity of jet fuel, from about 38 to 380 m3, several years, e. Jet fuel is a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from various refinery streams.
Jet fuel liquefied petroleum gas naphtha residual oil hydrogen fischertropsch diesel fischertropsch jet fuel methanol dimethyl ether biodiesel renewable diesel renewable jet fuel sugarcane corn cellulosic biomass switchgrass willowpoplar crop residues forest residues miscanthuslandfill gas residual oil coal electricitynatural gas nuclear biomass. Jan 01, 2019 the research focused on correlating the fuel chemical composition to its properties began in the 1980s. Composition explicit distillation curves of aviation fuel jp8 and a coalbased jet fuel beverly l. It was concluded from the experiments that an elevated fuel inlet temperature. Used in cold climates where its better cold weather performance is required. Military fuels differ from commercial use in a few different ways. The net energy content for aviation fuels depends on their composition. Overall ignition delays for all three jet fuels differ. This work summarized the effects of fuel composition and hydrocarbon molecular.
Marina braununkhoff, trupti kathrotia, bastian rauch, uwe. Sep98 ingredient name exposure limits concentration percent by weight kerosene cas number. The jet fuel specifications jet a, jet a1, jp8 control the 10% point of the distillation fuel composition. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Jet fuel pricing the price of jet fuel is linked to the commodities markets principally through ultralow sulfur diesel ulsd, a refined product that is similar in consistency and traded on public exchanges. Pires, a yinglei han, b john kramlich, c and manuel garciaperez b, the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. Combustion data for jeta, its constituent components, and. The worldwide aviation industry consumes approximately 1. They are kerosenebased jp8 and jet a1 for gas turbinepowered aircraft. Material safety data sheet jet fuel page 2 of 8 2 8 nervous system brain effects may include headache, dizziness, loss of balance and coordination, unconsciousness, coma, respiratory failure, and death.
Jul 31, 2019 the liquid fuel properties presented are also an approximation due to the possible variation in fuel composition depending on the fuel application. Investigation of byproduct application to jet fuel. Dec 04, 2018 alternative jet fuels would provide air quality benefits relative to conventional fuel need to know more about contrail formation to get full story on climate impacts associated with changes in jet fuel composition summary. With yearonyear increases, the supply of neste renewable diesel from waste and. Pdf chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative. Pdf the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as.
The possible use of jet fuel combustion quality specifications based on compound class composition or elemental hydrogen content is also discussed. Investigation of gtllike jet fuel composition on gt. This effort is to reduce the price of fuel and simplify the logistics of obtaining the fuel used by conus installations by allowing for jet a fuel to be pulled of. N817na cfm562c1 engines burning 15 different aviation fuels. The composition of alternative aviation fuels is similar to the one of jet. Commercial jet fuel has a boiling point range of approximately 190275c and that of military jet fuel is 55285c. These studies used gas chromatography gc, nuclear magnetic resonance nmr spectroscopy, and highpressure liquid chromatography. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet fuels. Nov 19, 2014 develop generic fuel composition chemistry evaluation methodology standardized riglab tests. December, 2011 for turbine fuel, kerosene type, jet a1, nato code f35, joint service designation. Jet fuel quality standards, guidelines and supporting. Jet a1 from mabanaft meets the afqrjos check list latest issue attached below which embodies the requirements of the two main specifications def stan 91091 issue 11 and astm d1655 latest issue. Use in other applications may result in higher exposures and require additional controls, such as local exhaust ventilation and personal protective equipment. The technology involved mining the shale, separating the shale oil using a high.
The price of ulsd is highly correlated to the price of jet fuel and therefore is often used as a reference point for supply contracts. Neat ch kerosene is very similar in composition and properties to fossil kerosene, including in aromatic. Apr 02, 2015 we statistically analyze the impact of jet fuel properties on aerosols emitted by the nasa douglas dc8 tail no. Impact of fuel composition on gas turbine engine performance. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative. The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition comprising an energy providing component that includes 70 to 99. When the commercial jet industry was developing in the 1950s, kerosinetype fuel was chosen as having the best combinations of properties. Jet fuel basics jet fuel composed of an array of hydrocarbon compounds typical jet fuel composition 60% paraffins 20% napthenes 20% aromatics single and double ring ch 3ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 3 aromatic c nh 2n6 c 2h 5 naphthene c nh 2n.
Compositionexplicit distillation curves of aviation fuel. For this reason, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Pires,a yinglei han,b john kramlich,c and manuel garciaperez b, the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. Material safety data sheet jet fuel page 3 of 8 3 8 section 5. Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and human. The composition of jet a allows water to be easily absorbed and held in suspension. Validation and demonstration of forest based bio jet fuel. Systematic accuracy assessment for alternative aviation fuel. Hydrocarbon mass peaks mostly aromatics in coeluting jet fuel have little overlap with most fame mass peaks prototype software recommends sim ions to reduce background interference and improve sn in the target peak elution time. Jun 30, 2020 aviation turbine fuel is a complex mixture composed mainly of hydrocarbons, but its exact structure varies depending on crude source and manufacturing processes used in its conception. Overall ignition delay ms jet a t c k1 b jet fuel air, of, p c 7 bar first stage ignition delays for conventional jet fuels are similar. Development of an experimental database and kinetic models.
This product is intended for us as a fuel or for use in an engineered process. The cost of supporting alternative jet fuels in the. Data were collected for this single engine type during four different, comprehensive ground tests conducted over the past decade, which allow us to clearly link changes. The fuels were characterized by gcms, sepgcms for quantification of oxygenated molecules, viscosity, density, water content, water solubility at 0 c, carbonyl content, total acid number, elemental composition. In this case, there is no requirement for the and 115145. It is well known that during the ignition delay period in a diesel engine, complex fuel dependent physical and chemical phenomena prepare the stratified fuel. A numerical study was conducted to investigate the effects of surrogate jet fuel composition on limit flame phenomena, e. Avgas is sold in much lower volume than jet fuel, but to many more individual aircraft operators.
These mandatory requirements are copied into en fuel standards as such. First correlations between petroleumbased jet fuel composition and density were published in 1985. Density is a basic aviation fuel property that can influence the loaded fuel weight and. Fuel oil fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. The ignition, oxidation, and combustion of kerosene. Nearly all jet fuel is made from kerosene derived from petroleum. Widecut jet fuel jet b still is used in some parts of canada and alaska because it is suited to cold climates.
In this case, there is no requirement for the 115145 military fuel, but a grade 100 of higher lead content is permitted. Nearterm feasibility of alternative jet fuels rosa p. Effects of surrogate jetfuel composition on ignition and. Kerosenetype jet fuel including jet a and jet a1 has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 carbon numbers. Measurements at ground behind a jet engine by frenzel and arnold showed that aircraft engines emit chemiions cis formed by radical. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Alternative jet fuels would provide air quality benefits relative to conventional fuel need to know more about contrail formation to get full story on climate impacts associated with changes in jet fuel composition summary. Air force conducted a large research program to evaluate shalederived jet fuel. Product gas composition was analyzed using gas chromatography. En 15940 paraffinic diesel fuel standard the en 15940. W004a 12 jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics british derd. Jet b a wide cut fuel covering portions of the gasoline and kerosene fractions of distillation.
Pdf chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet. Influence of jet fuel composition on aircraft engine. Properties of blends of alternative fuels with jet a1. The composition of aviation fuels has been established by the u. The most common commercial jet fuel is jet a and jet a1 which is a cheaper and less refined version of the jet fuel blend and does not contain all the. A surrogate for emulating the physical and chemical. Military aviation jet fuel jp 5 see section 16 for abbreviations and acronyms. When used as a jet fuel, some of the critical qualities are freeze point, flash point, and smoke point.
S8 jet a jet fuel is a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from various refinery streams. Jet a safety data sheet according to federal register vol. Bruno physical and chemical properties division, national institute of standards and technology, boulder, colorado received april 11, 2007. They have more stringent requirements than fuels used for ground use, such as heating and road transport, and contain additives to enhance or maintain properties important to fuel performance or handling. The alternative jet fuel has a shorter first stage ignition delay.
495 389 50 175 570 603 1827 489 1454 132 647 355 1267 1455 1161 1632 1804 112 1681 476 1164 1690 681